What is Upper Respiratory Infection ?

Every year, respiratory viruses such as influenza (flu), COVID-19, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cause hundreds of thousands of hospitalizations and thousands of deaths during the fall and winter virus season.

Common respiratory viral illnesses

• Flu
• COVID-19
• RSV
• Adenovirus
• Rhinovirus/Enterovirus (common cold)
• Parainfluenza
• Parvovirus B19 (Fifth Disease)

Symptoms

Respiratory viruses may cause both upper respiratory tract symptoms (the vocal chords and above) and lower respiratory tract symptoms (below the vocal chords). Some viruses also affect the nose, throat and lungs, and can lead to serious lung infections, such as pneumonia.

Examples of respiratory virus symptoms

• Fever
• Chills
• Fatigue (tiredness)
• Cough
• Runny or stuffy nose
• Decrease in appetite
• Sore throat
• Vomiting
• New loss of taste or smell
• Headache, muscle or body aches
• Diarrhea
• Weakness

Risk factors

Illnesses caused by common respiratory viruses like COVID-19, flu, and RSV can make anyone sick. However, some people have risk factors that can increase their chances of getting very sick (severe illness).

Groups of people at a higher risk for respiratory illnesses

Older adults whose immune systems tend to not work as well and are more likely to have underlying health conditions.

Young children have immune systems that are still developing and small airways.

People with weakened immune systems can have lower defenses against infections and their bodies may have a harder time building lasting protection from immunization or prior infection.

People with disabilities are more likely to have underlying medical conditions, live in congregate settings, or experience factors and conditions stemming from social determinants of health that increase their risk for poor outcomes from respiratory infections.

Pregnant and recently pregnant women because pregnancy can cause changes in the immune system, heart, and lungs that make people more likely to get very sick from respiratory viruses.

Prevention

There are actions you can take to help protect yourself and others from health risks caused by respiratory viruses.

Core prevention strategies

Immunizations are available for all three major fall and winter respiratory diseases – flu, COVID-19, and RSV (for groups eligible for RSV immunization).

Washing hands and improving airflow in the places where people live and work are important to lowering risk from respiratory viruses.

Effective treatments are available for those who get flu or COVID-19 and are recommended for those at higher risk for severe illness. Treatment can reduce severe illness, hospitalization, and death.

Additional prevention strategies

Everyday actions like masking and physical distancing can provide an additional layer of protection.

Tests are available that can quickly detect these respiratory viruses so patients don’t delay treatment and other actions that can protect their family, friends, and coworkers.

Treatment and recovery

Treatment is a core prevention strategy to lower risk of severe illness from respiratory viruses.